Planning and Budget
Hamid Reza Ghasemi; Ali Arabmazar Yazdi; Reza Zamani
Abstract
In the approach of new institutionalism, the budgeting system's complexities have roots in its formation's historical development. Understanding this historical development from the perspective of institutions and organizations has made it easier to understand the complexities that the country's budgeting ...
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In the approach of new institutionalism, the budgeting system's complexities have roots in its formation's historical development. Understanding this historical development from the perspective of institutions and organizations has made it easier to understand the complexities that the country's budgeting system is facing today. Using the social order approach and relying on the three elements of institutions, organizations, and violence control, this research has examined the budgeting system of Iran between years of the constitutional revolution and the end of the Qajar dynasty. In this period, the approval of the constitution, the internal regulations of the parliament, the law on the formation of the Ministry of Finance, the law on public accounts, the law on the Court of Accounts, and the writing of the budget law, as well as more predictability of resources and cost allocations by limiting the period of the budget have taken place. Also, checking the accounts of ministers, preventing illegal transfers, preparing and deducting the budget, increasing the power of tax collection, organizing the country's treasury and prohibiting the imposition of taxes based on personal opinion, and providing executive methods related to the budgeting system in addition to the formation of the parliament and the budget commission, the Audit Bureau, the Ministry of Finance and the commission for handling the income and expenditure of the ministries have led to the improvement of the quality of institutions and the development of contractual organizations with a permanent life in the budgeting system, which has caused the control of violence. By examining the budgeting system, one can conclude that the dominant coalition member groups in the period under review were princes, nobles, scholars, businessmen, landowners, the intellectual class, Russian and British governments. Examining institutions, organizations, and violence control show that the budgeting system has changed from a fragile limited access order to a basic limited access order in this period.
Ali Arabmazar Yazdi; Teimour Mohammadi; Atefeh Taklif; Reza Jalalpanahi
Abstract
In the Balance of Payments Constrained Growth (BPCG) model, demand variables such as export and import determine the limit of economic growth in the long run. In this study, we compare the results of both basic and extensive forms of the Thirlwall model for developing oil producing countries considering ...
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In the Balance of Payments Constrained Growth (BPCG) model, demand variables such as export and import determine the limit of economic growth in the long run. In this study, we compare the results of both basic and extensive forms of the Thirlwall model for developing oil producing countries considering the key role of oil exports and foreign-exchange reserves. To do so, two groups of oil developing countries are categorized based on the average daily oil production. The first category includes Iran, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Mexico, and the second one is Egypt, Algeria, Nigeria, and Indonesia. Additionally, the price and income elasticities of demand for imports and exports as well as the co-integration are investigated by using an ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) model and Pesaran and Shin’s bound test. The price and income elasticities are also calculated with Kalman filter method. Then, we calculate the constrained growth in various forms for ten-year overlapping periods from 1960 to 2016 and finally test the validity of the Thirlwall law. The results indicate that Thirlwall law is not confirmed for several developing oil producing countries. The lower rate of real growth compared to constrained growth of payments in some economies including Iran can be attributed to factors such as the lower rate of capital inflow growth than the growth rate of export volumes as well as the positive effect of foreign income on the constrained growth of payments. The results show that the balance of payments is not a limiting factor for Iran's economic growth which confirms the fact that improving economic growth, in the long run, depends on the improving of the supply side.
